一个 PR 问题

作者:英国《经济学人》

在上个月中国建国60周年的庆祝会上,出生于中国的新加坡永久居民张元元,在镜头面前坦言热爱她的祖国。这电视片段在这岛屿小国引起了一场风波,这是本地人对外来者不满的最新一次表示,并且证明了外来移民成为了这个城市国家的重要政治话题。

面对本土人口老化和生育率低迷,新加坡政府已经长期吸纳外国人来补充劳动人口的短缺。在1990年,本地公民占新加坡三百万人口中的86%。在今天,本地公民则是五百多万人口中的64%。即每三人之中超过一人是外国人(他们是永久居民、简称 Permanent Residents,和非居民)。

在以往,外国人集中于工作阶层的顶部或底部,从事新加坡人未有能力做或者不愿意做的工作。在今天,外国人争取几乎所有工作阶层的各种职位。某些外国人如遗传学家带来了有用的技能。但其他外国人则恐怕会取代了本地的技工和压低了低下阶层的工资。

在经济衰退之中,这些失业恐惧感尤其显著。批评者指出PR享受公民的福利而不用承担公民的全部责任,例如男性需服国民兵役(但第一代的PR一般是豁免的)。批评者又称如今的外来者比起以前的外来者已较少与新加坡人交往。由于外来人口数字的上升,许多外国族群已达到了关键性的大数量,从而产生了一些民族聚居某些地点,这正是政府一向的忌讳。在社交网络站点Facebook之内,有一个超过一万成员的社交小组名为”我是新加坡人并且厌倦那些仅能说普通话的服务员”。

大量的移民潮恰好与日益严重的收入差距狭路相逢。新加坡的坚尼系数(一项收入不平等的指数),由2000年的0.444上升至2008的0.481,它超越了中国和美国的坚尼系数。新加坡国立大学的Paulin Straughan 指出金光耀目的市中心与平民聚居的”中心地带”(heartlands)的差别非常明显,这样贫富悬殊对细小和密集的新加坡的危害比起对一个广大国家的危害更为严重。

李显龙总理公报新加坡将会放缓吸纳外国人来减轻移民带来的压力,并且将会更加凸显本地公民所享有的权利。此外,政府已注资一千万新元(S$10m),约七百万美元(US$7m),成立一个新的国民融合理事会(NIC)来促进各社群之间的相互交往。政府承认这不会是件容易的任务。社会发展、青年和体育部长维文医生指出”NIC明白国民融合是一个长期的努力,需时数载才能见到成效”。

但是,新加坡管理大学的锺伟强(音译)认为新加坡人关心自己的工作多于关心国民融合这个模糊的概念。他提议政府应重新改写就业法例使本地公民优先受惠。但这将与政府决心维持一个开放经济体系的方向背道而驰。由于人民行动党在新加坡执政的优势与许多国家不一样,这将意味着反对移民的情绪不能轻易获得强大的政治发言权。因此可以预期没有任何重大的政策改变。

这次风波是新加坡从一个微观管治的熔炉转型为一个国际都会的城市国家的必经阶段。在互联网风行之前,张元元女士的不幸言词所引起的激烈辩论是难以想象的。在现今,好一些新加坡人都出来维护她。在革新中的新加坡,每个人热爱自己的国家是可以接受的,即使这国家是中国。

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